When Edward Snowden revealed the extent of the NSA’s digital surveillance capabilities, shock was coupled with apathy. Many Americans already assumed they were being watched.
Here is the messy truth: this has been going on for years.
It started with the collection of call data from AT&T and Verizon a little over a decade ago. The initial project wasn’t about recording phone conversations, but keeping track of who was making calls to whom. Enough calls to the wrong people could create a pattern of affiliation that might justify further examination. (For a clever explanation of social network analysis, refer to Kieran Healy’s article “Using Metadata to Find Paul Revere.”)